Understanding of the career opportunities in Sports Management Essay Example for Free

Understanding of the career opportunities in Sports Management Essay The field of sport and exercise persists to expand rapidly. This is proofed by the fact that sport is now regarded as a multi-billion dollar industry. As the sport practices increased expansion, many career opportunities are becoming obtainable for students skilled in sport and exercise linked majors. Sport management, as a career is broad-based enough to symbolize a diversity of sport-related areas including, but not limited to, leisure and sport facilities; hotels and resorts; public and private aquatic, golf, and/or racquet clubs; health and fitness programming found in corporations, hospitals, private agencies and clubs, and public settings; commodities; youth, interscholastic, intercollegiate, and professional sports; community recreation; collegiate leisure sports; armed services recreational sports; and nonprofit youth agency amusement and sport programs. Further, the sport management curriculums are flexible enough to convene the demands of student career concerns in such areas as sport leisure and recreation, sport and athletics, sporting goods industry, hostelries as well as travel, nonprofit agencies, and health and fitness management. In defining sport management Stier stated, Today sport management is in reality a multifaceted domain offering a multitude of opportunities for employment and self-fulfillment in a wide range of sport and sport related activities, both in the public and private sectors, as well as in the profit and not-for-profit arenas (Stier, 1999, p. 3). The umbrella of physical education is no longer, and never was, broad-based enough to cover the ever-expanding field of sport management and the other fields that have developed. Numerous organizational options are accessible for sport management programs. The least intimidating option is to remain within the department of physical education and seek an independent status with a separate budget and curricular freedom. A subsequent option is to seek departmental status, which would need a major financial commitment by the college/university throughout a time when dollars are short. Yet another alternative is to fold the sport management curriculum into the department of recreation management or recreation and leisure studies, forming a new, extended department of leisure and sport management. A degree in Sport Management facilitates students’ admission into recreation field. It serves numerous of the same clients and teaches related theory in the management area. The programs gives a distinct required core and a diversity of specializations such as recreation management, sport management, collegiate recreational sport management, aquatic management, health and fitness management, golf facilities management, recreation therapy, coaching education, and others (Kravitz, L. 2001). Sport management undergraduate and graduate programs inflate and prosper under the umbrella of recreation and sport management. Numerous opportunities available for growth of recreation and sport management programs in areas such as management, psychology, leadership, coaching etc. Career opportunity in the field of sports management role can differ extremely depending upon the setting, although the definite task of the manager will be to take general management functions and execute them in a sports setting. All management functions can pertain in different situations at different times, the actually skilful manager will discern when each applies and will use that progression properly. It is necessary for sports managers to comprehend that they are managing in a sports situation, and that they must be applying the correct business principles and practices as appropriate and pertinent to that situation, as colleagues will be doing in other industrial state. There has been some interruption in service industries usually in distinguishing that they have to apply management principles, as do product-based industries. There has been an additional gap in sport apprehending that it is in fact a service industry, but now it is hoped these thought processes and then good practices will instigate to be applied. Sports managers need background knowledge in the development of management, but they will more particularly need knowledge of sport and the people involved in it. To be really effective they will have to a have a feeling for the business of sport, as well as management skills. Basically, sports management is all concerning managing: †¢ The workplace †¢ The people †¢ Day-to-day operations †¢ The facility †¢ The activity †¢ The development process †¢ Partnership working. It has been accepted in a number of settings that there are five general approaches to management. The classical approach deals with the content, suggestive that there is core knowledge that every manager should possess. This comprises the functions of planning, organizing and controlling. The behavioral approach regards as the role of the individual within the management process and recognizes that each individual has needs, wants and desires. It considers that individuals are diverse and need to be properly treated. Management science sets out to use mathematical approaches in management to recuperate efficiency; it relays to operational problems and ways of solving these. The systems approach is based on conniving a specific system of management made up of a diversity of parts which should be brought together to function as an entire to congregate the organizations objectives. The contingency approach works on the supposition that there is no single best means to manage. The manager should be able to manage in diverse situations and distinguish that organizations can diverge in the best way. Though, there are always a diversity of theories and ideas while managing in any given situation, and they must be applied at the suitable time and in the proper manner. To have Sports management as career a manger should always be responsive of trends in sports and the resultant effects on participation. Change can be quick, e. g. the start of numerous people retiring early; or expected, e. g. the reduction in numbers of young people. In some such instance, sports management should react or, better still, anticipate. The profession of sports management desires people who have come from a realistic background with additional training, as well as those who could be professed as academics who have come from an educational background. In numerous situations the difference might be seen as more to do with attitudes than with explicit skill-based training most industrial settings, and sport and recreation is no different, would favor an open-minded wider-thinking person whatever their surroundings, so this is perceived to be one of the benefits of a more academic learning. â€Å"Education is leading human souls to what is best†¦the training which makes men happy in themselves also makes them more serviceable to others†. John Ruskin http://www. infed. org/christianyouthwork/spark_of_the_divine. htm Fundamentally it is much more significant for people to have the keenness and sympathy for sport and its participants than any written qualification, but it is significant that they have the capability to think widely enough to believe everything that may intrude on the operation of sport in their country as well as their explicit situation in a club or national body. The girth of education, perhaps from an extent or some other general management qualification, might well be useful for someone in sports administration if it is joined with commitment and eagerness for the activity of sport, the feature that distinguishes it from other management situations. Interpersonal skills and significance in sport are, though, more significant than any qualification or educational backdrop. The requirement for training is pertinent regardless of whether a person already possesses a condition, a degree or even a postgraduate award. Training can offer specific skills, knowledge and proficiency that will not come from degree-level courses and will be necessary for sports managers in the work situation. For instance, a degree in sports management is never going to train one specifically how to hold volunteers in some of the situations that can come up in the everyday sports arena. particular consideration has to be given to the physical constraints that face people working in sport and how they are going to manage with them this is usually best attained through a progressive and well-established training programme.

Game Theory as it Relates to Abortion in Canada Essay -- Politics

Flanagan’s Status Quo In 1988 abortion legislation was abolished by the supreme court of Canada (Flanagan 120). Current law was deemed to violate a women’s â€Å"security of person† under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Wikipedia). Drafting and passing abortion legislation became the responsibility of the current Prime Minister and the House of Commons (Flanagan 121). Attempts by Brian Mulroney to introduce abortion legislation into the House of Commons and senate failed repeatedly (Flanagan 121). ) Despite public opinion favoring moderate legislation, abortion in Canada remains unlegislated (Flanagan 121).Under the circumstances stated why does Canadian abortion law remain in a state of limbo? In Game Theory and Canadian Politics Thomas Flanagan attempts to elucidate this seeming anomaly in Canadian politics. Firstly, the inability to pass new legislation is explained by the tendency for the status quo to prevail when a â€Å"cyclical opinion structure†(Flanagan 121) is present in the legislating body (Flanagan 121). Secondly, Flanagan (121) emphasizes how parliamentary outcomes are influenced by the procedures with which legislation is passed. These two points are illuminated and analyzed using aspects of game theory. Rational choice theory is used to analyze the parliamentary procedure and cyclical opinion structure that caused all possible resolutions and amendments introduced into the House of Commons to fail. Than, the game of chicken and extensive form games are introduced to explicate bill C-43’s majority vote in the House of Commons and subsequent failure in the senate. Although enlightening, Flanagan’s analysis lacks in-depth explanations and pertinent aspects of game theory. He comments on the vote’s failure t... ...the outcome is seen to mirror real life events. Finally, certain aspects of Flanagan’s sequential game model were critiqued and found deficient. Although Flanagan’s case study was enlightening, some aspects may be flawed and an enhanced analysis farther explicates the phenomenon of the â€Å"staying power of the status quo.† Works Cited Abortion in Canada." Wikipedia. 01 Apr.-May 2007 . Brams, Steven J. Rational Politics. Washinton, DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1985. Flanagan, Thomas. Game Theory and Canadian Politics. Toronto: University of Toronoto Press, 1999. Gates, Scott, and Brian D. Humes. Games, Information and Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997. Green, Donald P., and Ian Shapiro. Pathologies of Rational Choice. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994.

Language Development in Exceptional Circumstances

â€Å"Ever since attempts have been made to describe and explain normal language development, references to exceptional circumstances have been made. † (Bishop & Mogford, 1988: v) Language development in exceptional circumstances refers to cases of child language acquisition which are considered as departing from the norm. In the following, five types of exceptional circumstances will be taken into account; that is: the case of neglected children, the case of hearing children brought-up by deaf parents, the case of bilingual children, the case of twins, and the case of children affected by Williams syndrome. This is by no means a full consideration of all existing exceptional circumstances for language development; rather it is a selection of the cases which I find most revealing to gain insight into normal language development. Indeed, in the light of the aforementioned exceptional circumstances, we will be able to draw understandings about language development in its unexceptional nature, such as its relationship to environmental factors (I) and to other cognitive devices (II). First of all, exceptional circumstances can provide important evidence relevant to the role played by the verbal environment in child language acquisition. Neglected children, hearing children brought-up by deaf parents, bilingual children, and twins, are all faced to a certain form of restricted verbal stimulation. For instance, Marie Mason (1942) reported a case that concerned a neglected child, Isabelle, who had been kept in seclusion with her deaf and mute mother because she was illegitimate. They spent their time in a dark room shut away from the family who had rejected them, and Isabelle was completely deprived of language until she gained her freedom at the age of 6. Children of deaf parents are also limited in their exposure to spoken language, although in the context of otherwise normal social, communicative and environmental stimulation. As for children who are brought-up bilingual and as twins, verbal stimulation is similarly impaired, the former because their exposure to one particular language is reduced ecause they must deal with two languages simultaneously, and the latter because one family’s linguistic resources are shared between two infants in the same developmental stage. Yet, just as Isabelle went on to develop normal language in only 18 months’ time after gaining her freedom (Skuse, 1988: 33), children of deaf parents, bilingual children, and twins, also develop normal language over time, albeit the adverse circumstances. This provides evid ence of resilience of language acquisition. Indeed, the fact that these children, despite such unfavourable circumstances, ultimately achieve linguistic proficiency (not unlike an ordinary child) tells us that children learn language despite a restricted language input, meaning that innate language abilities must have a substantial role in normal language acquisition. In this sense, exceptional circumstances indicate that the principles of language development advocated by behaviourists are quite inadequate to explain how the child develops language, and provides evidence in favour of Noam Chomsky’s theory of Universal Grammar. Conversely, however, exceptional circumstances do provide some evidence of the importance of the verbal environment for normal language development. For instance, Genie, another neglected child who was discovered at 13 years of age after having been locked in a small room and beaten by her father whenever she uttered a sound, never fully recovered from the deprivation of language in her early years. Although she is now 55 years-old, she never acquired true linguistic competence. This gives evidence for the existence of a time window during which external influences have a significant effect. Just as songbirds will learn to sing the appropriate song for their species only if they hear that song in the first few weeks of life, there is a critical period for the child to successfully develop language† (Bishop & Mogford, 1988: 252). This ‘critical period’ is set from birth to sometime between 5 and 7 years of age depending on the individual, which is why Isabelle –who was 6 when liberated– developed language readily, while Genie –who was 13– did not. Therefore, exceptional circumstances provide insight into a critical period for language development after which failed experiences in infancy cannot be compensated. Moreover, exceptional circumstances can also provide insight into the relationship between language and cognition. In this section, we shall consider the case of children affected by Williams syndrome. Williams syndrome is characterized by a sophisticated use of language with complex syntax and adult-like vocabulary in individuals who otherwise demonstrate no evidence of concrete operational behaviour on Piagetian tasks, and whose overall level of mental development is below that of a 7-year-old (Jones & Smith, 1988: 248). In other words, Williams syndrome children are mentally retarded, yet they demonstrate impressive lexical semantic abilities, complex expressive morphology and syntax, and good metalinguistic skills. For instance, three Williams syndrome adolescents were investigated: Van (age 11), Crystal (age 15), and Ben (age 16). Their full-scale IQ scores on traditional intelligence tests were: Van, 50; Crystal, 49; and Ben, 54. However, their scores on formal tests of language were higher than performance on non-language cognitive tasks (Bishop & Mogford, 1975: 182). This relative sparing of language in the face of other cognitive impairments is particularly revealing about the relationship between language and cognition in that it implies that there is dissociation between language and other cognitive functions. Similarly, it may be particularly striking that, in patients of global aphasia, which is a severe language disorder, other cognitive skills remain functioning, affirming that language faculty is indeed a separate domain (Saffran et al). Therefore, the exceptional case of Williams syndrome children, and the rather converse instance global aphasia, indicate that normal language development is not directly related to intelligence, hence why language is acquired rapidly and uniformly by all ‘normal’ children, irrespective of intelligence. In conclusion, language development in exceptional circumstances stands as a window into the analysis of normal language development. In the words of Gary Dell: â€Å"the inner workings of a highly complex system are often revealed by the way in which the system breaks down† (Baars, 1992: 5). Indeed, throughout this essay, the study of exceptional circumstances has provided us with evidence that, although language input has an important role in language development, it may be limited, given the Poverty of Stimulus argument. The study of exceptional circumstances has also evidenced the existence of a critical period for language development and made the issociation between language and other cognitive functions clearer. Nonetheless, one must bear in mind that a more in-depth study of exceptional circumstances, for instance one that would take into account infantile autism or Down syndrome children, would certainly provide us with further information about the components of normal language development. Unfortunately, given the time limitations for the realization of this essay, these aspects will be left for o thers to analyse.

The Mexican Exchange, Bombing Of Hiroshima, And The Events...

Introduction (thesis) There is no possible doubt whether or not the Colombian exchange, bombing of Hiroshima, and the events that took place in 1968 impacted our world history forever because everyone agrees these three events were extremely impactful. Early The Colombian exchange The Columbian Exchange (also sometimes known as The Great Exchange) has been one of the most significant events in the history of world ecology, agriculture, and culture. The term is used to describe the enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres that occurred after 1492. Many new and different goods were exchanged between the two hemispheres of the Earth, and it began a new revolution in the Americas and in Europe. In 1492, Christopher Columbus first voyage launched an era of large-scale contact between the Old and the New World that resulted in this ecological revolution: hence the name Columbian Exchange. The Columbian Exchange greatly affected almost every society on earth, bringing destructive diseases that depopulated many cultures, and also circulating a wide variety of new crops and livestock that, in the long term, increased rather than diminished the world human population. Maize and potatoes became very important crops in Eurasia by the 1700s. Peanuts and manioc flourished in tropical Southeast Asian and West African soils that otherwise would notShow MoreRelatedModern History.Hsc.2012 Essay25799 Words   |  104 Pagessubmarine warfare began, and invited Mexico to join the war as Germanys ally against the United States. - In return, the Germans would send Mexico money and help it recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona that Mexico lost during the Mexican-American War 70  years earlier. - Wilson released the Zimmerman note to the public and Americans saw it as a cause for war. U.S. declaration of war on Germany - After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication ofRead MoreMidterm Review Essay9272 Words   |  38 PagesQuestion options: | a) | began with the Great Strike of 1877. | | b) | originated in New York City. | | c) | involved American farmers on strike. | | d) | brought about the end of Reconstruction. | | e) | was provoked by the 1886 bombing at a Chicago labor rally. | Chapter 17 | | 1 / 1 point | 1.) Farmers believed that their plight derived from all of the following EXCEPT: Question options: | a) | high freight rates charged by railroads. | | b) | excessive interestRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesbrought on by warfare, famine, periodic genocidal onslaughts, and worldwide epidemics. In no previous epoch of history was war so vilified and peace so consciously pursued through the establishment of international organizations and diplomatic exchanges. Despite these endeavors, the levels of domestic and international violence within human populations and the ravages visited upon animals and the natural world by humans vastly exceeded that of any previous era in history. In a century where human Read MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesHughes, 1933 (Library of Congress) Langston was not ashamed of being a black American. He had already written poems celebrating his heritage. He felt connected to the oppressed brown people of the world and hated his father for mistreating his Mexican employees. Witnessing his fathers tyranny made Langston sick enough to require hospitalization. By the end of the summer, Langston was glad to return to school in the United States. On the journey to his mothers house in Cleveland, Ohio, he recognizedRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesFrench. He has my very warm gratitude. C . M. Cannes August 1967 here. On two or three definite and important points, this text no longer corresponds to the present state of the problems it confronts. I have taken this opportunity to clarify it and place it in perspective by means of footnotes, for the method and the structure of this program text will perhaps let it reveal, in a more sensitive and less technical way than elsewhere, the nature of the semiological enterprise as it confronts a new field